Areas where Urdu is neither official nor co-official This article contains phonetic symbols. Without proper, you may see instead of characters.

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Urdu (;: اُردُو‬‎: Urdū ( ), or Modern Standard Urdu) is a and language of the. It is the official and of. In India, it is one of the 22 recognized in the, having official status in the of,,,, and, as well as.

Apart from specialized, Urdu is with, another recognized register of Hindustani. The Urdu variant of Hindustani received recognition and patronage under when the replaced the local official languages with English and Hindustani written in, as the official language in and. Religious, social, and political factors pushed for a distinction between Urdu and Hindi in India, leading to the. Main article: Urdu, like Hindi, is a form of. It evolved from the medieval (6th to 13th century) register of the preceding, a that is also the ancestor of other modern Indo-Aryan languages, including the. Urdu developed under the influence of the and languages, both of which have contributed a significant amount of vocabulary to formal speech. Around 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in and.

Although the word is derived from the word (army) or, from which English is also derived, Turkic borrowings in Urdu are minimal and Urdu is also not to the. Urdu words originating from and Arabic were borrowed through Persian and hence are Persianized versions of the original words. For instance, the Arabic ( ة ) changes to ( ه‬ ) or ( ت‬ ). Nevertheless, contrary to popular belief, Urdu did not borrow from the, but from, a from Central Asia. Urdu and Turkish borrowed from Arabic and Persian, hence the similarity in pronunciation of many Urdu and Turkish words. Influence in the region began with the late first-millennium. Remington Rand Serial Numbers Typewriter there. The Persian language was introduced into the subcontinent a few centuries later by various Persianized Central Asian and dynasties including that of.

The Turko-Afghan established Persian as its official language, a policy continued by the, which extended over most of northern from the 16th to 18th centuries and cemented influence on the developing Hindustani. [ ] With the advent of the, Persian was no longer the language of administration but, still written in the, continued to be used by both and. [ ] The name Urdu was first used by the poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780. ( p18) From the 13th century until the end of the 18th century Urdu was commonly known as Hindi.

( p1) The language was also known by various other names such as Hindavi and Dehlavi. ( pp21–22) The communal nature of the language lasted until it replaced as the official language in 1837 and was made co-official, along with English. Urdu was promoted in British India by British policies to counter the previous emphasis on Persian.

This triggered a Brahman backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native script. Thus a new literary register, called 'Hindi', replaced traditional Hindustani as the official language of in 1881, establishing a sectarian divide of 'Urdu' for Muslims and 'Hindi' for Hindus, a divide that was formalized with the division of India and Pakistan after independence (though there are Hindu poets who continue to write in Urdu to this day, with post-independence examples including and ). There have been attempts to 'purify' Urdu and Hindi, by purging Urdu of loanwords, and Hindi of Persian loan words, and new vocabulary draws primarily from Persian and Arabic for Urdu and from Sanskrit for Hindi. English has exerted a heavy influence on both as a co-official language. Speakers and geographic distribution [ ]. The phrase Zabān-i Urdū-yi Muʿallā ('The language of the exalted camp') written in. There are over 100 million native speakers of Urdu in India (more than 80% of it) and Pakistan together: there were 52 million and 80.5 million Urdu speakers in India some 5% and 6.5% of the total population of India as per the 2001 and 2011 censuses respectively; approximately 10 million in Pakistan or 7.57% as per the 1998 census and 16 million in 2006 estimates; and several hundred thousand in the,,, and (where it is called 'Bihari').

However, a knowledge of Urdu allows one to speak with far more people than that, because, of which Urdu is one variety, is the third most commonly spoken language in the world, after and. Because of the difficulty in distinguishing between Urdu and Hindi speakers in India and Pakistan, as well as estimating the number of people for whom Urdu is a second language, the estimated number of speakers is uncertain and controversial. [ ] Owing to interaction with other languages, Urdu has become localized wherever it is spoken, including in Pakistan. Urdu in Pakistan has undergone changes and has incorporated and borrowed many words from regional languages like,, and, thus allowing speakers of the language in Pakistan to distinguish themselves more easily and giving the language a decidedly Pakistani flavour.